With microplastics (MPs) becoming a major pollutant in terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric systems, the extensive use of plastic in modern society has produced a serious global environmental concern. Plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, known as microplastics, can originate from both original sources (such as cosmetic microbeads) and the decomposition of bigger plastic waste. These particles are persistent in the environment and act as carriers of harmful compounds such as heavy metals, phthalates, and bisphenol A in addition to being pollutants. Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are examined in this review along with their creation, environmental behaviour, and toxicological effects. Particular attention is paid to the degradation routes, ecological toxicity, bioaccumulation, and health implications of MNPs. Concerns regarding human exposure by ingesting, inhalation, and maybe skin contact are urgently raised by research that has demonstrated cellular penetration, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in animal models. Furthermore, the research shows regional patterns in the production of plastic garbage, especially India’s growing share, and offers workable solutions for mitigation, like promoting ethical consumer conduct and enhancing recycling procedures. In order to solve the microplastic catastrophe and address both environmental and public health concerns, this work attempts to promote holistic policies and influence future research paths by combining recent discoveries.

Dr. Manasi Gholkar*; Ms. Pranjal Surve; Ms. Shreya Menon

Microplastics; Nanoplastics; Bioaccumulation; Ecotoxicology; Human exposure