Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune condition that significantly contributes to hypothyroidism worldwide. It arises when the immune system mistakenly targets the thyroid gland, leading to gradual tissue destruction and reduced hormone production. This review explores the underlying immunological mechanisms, focusing on the role of helper T cells and development of antibodies against thyroid-specific proteins such as thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Various factors including genetics, hormonal shifts, environmental exposures, infections, and stress contribute to disease onset and progression. Clinical symptoms range from mild fatigue and cold intolerance to more pronounced signs of thyroid hormone deficiency. Diagnosis typically involves thyroid function tests and autoantibody screening. Standard treatment includes levothyroxine replacement therapy, along with emerging interest in dietary modifications and stress management. Current research is expanding into personalized therapies and the influence of the gut microbiome. Early identification and holistic management are crucial to improving quality of life and preventing long-term complications.

Gitika Bhavsar; Aparna Palshetkar*

Autoimmune; Levothyroxine; Thyroid; Hashimoto's thyroiditis